We proudly call our small COLLECTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS the BOSI I GOLI MUSEUM. It consists of objects that we found ourselves in Starigrad Paklenica, received as a gift or bought. It could be called a GALLERY or EXHIBITION, but it grows every year and has great expansion potential. Its goal is to educate about the history of our region, and to interest our guests in history and archaeology. It shows tools, hunting tools, fishing tools, military weapons, animal equipment, household items, jewelry, money, valuables, glass objects... Thanks to such objects, we can imagine and reconstruct the way of life of our ancestors. Learn various skills from them and admire the skills of their craftsmen. Many of these objects cannot be seen even in large, serious museums. Feel free to look, study, ask what interests you... Each of these objects has an interesting story behind it. Find out for free. Enjoy!!!
MUSEUM
STONE ARROWS (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 6000 BC - 4500 BC
CIVILIZATION: SMILCHICH CULTURE
In the Stone Age, the area of the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea was inhabited by tribes of European aborigines before the arrival of the Indo-Europeans. They collected fruits, bird eggs, shells, and hunted small rodents and birds. One of the first tools they used were stone blades with which they cut the meat and skin the animals they caught. This is how the first knives were created, and later spears and arrows.
STONE AXE (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 3500 BC - 2700 BC
CIVILIZATION: SMILCHICH CULTURE
A Neolithic stone axe was found in the second half of the 19th century next to a dry stone wall in Milovci (2.5 km NW of the Bosi i Goli apartments). It was made of granite. A hole for a wooden handle was drilled through it. The hole is conical in shape, drilled with the help of quartz sand, which is harder than granite. The axe makers were specialized and well-trained individuals who designed special tools for these purposes. The drill had a fixture for the object being drilled and a load that created a pressing force. The drill was made of calf bone attached to a stick. The rotation of the drill was driven by human power.
COPPER AXE (LIBURNS) ORIGINAL
PERIOD: 900 BC - 600 BC
CIVILIZATION: LIBURNIAN / ILLYRIAN
Axes can be observed and interpreted as tools, weapons, cult weapons in rituals or sacrifices, a status symbol, and if in miniature form, they can represent an amulet. In the Neolithic, a period when metal slowly but surely began to appear on the prehistoric scene, the previously stone forms of some objects began to be made of a new material - copper. Precisely because of the fact that it was a relatively rare, and for that time exotic material, it can be said that metal objects had a special value, but also that they provided a certain amount of prestige to their owners. One of these prestigious objects is our axe found in Veliki Ledenik (6 km NW from the Bosi i Goli apartments), which was cast in a revolutionary two-part mold. The copper was melted from copper ore probably mined in Rude near Samobor.
BRONZE ARROWS (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 1300 BC - 300 BC
CIVILIZATION: LIBURNIAN / ILLYRIAN
Bronze arrowheads were found at a corral near Nin. The Liburnians did not use them for war purposes. Their primary purpose was hunting. They were used to hunt smaller game – squirrels, weasels, beavers, but also to hunt birds. After the knife, spear and sword, the bow and arrow were a revolutionary invention, the first weapon used at a distance. The slingshot was imprecise, while arrows could be used to target game that could not be approached close enough to be caught.
ILLYRIAN COIN (ORIGINAL)
CO-RULERS:
XENON (tribal chieftain) and
PHILODAMOU (tribal judge)
ISSUING PERIOD: 229 BC - 100 BC
COIN: Dirham
MINT: Shkodra / Albania
OBVERSE: Cow facing right with bowed head and suckling calf. Below the cow is a wolf running, and above is an eagle swooping down on the cow. The entire relief is dotted. Above the cow is an inscription in the Greek alphabet.
The image is the personification of the ruler who (in the form of a cow) takes care of his people (in the form of a calf), feeds them and protects them from external enemies who constantly lurk on all sides (wolf and eagle).
LEGEND: XENON
REVERSE: The reverse is bordered by a solid line within which is a square double-framed panel, vertically divided into two equal parts. There are six lines on each half with one thickened tip.
It is not certain, but it is considered to be a stylistic representation of the gate leading to the gardens of King Alkinous, which, according to legend, was located on the island of Corfu. Gardens are mentioned in a poem in Homer's Odyssey.
LEGEND:
FILO DA MOY (FILODAMOU)
DYR (DYRRHACHIUM)
This coin was minted in Shkodër (Albania) and was found next to the Lerg castle near Vinjerc (5.5 km south of Starigrad). Unskillful minting and off center are noticeable, so part of the image and text is missing on both sides of the coin, which was common at the time. It was used in urban areas, given that at that time most of the trade was carried out by barter. At that time, the Greeks founded their colonies on Vis, Hvar, Korčula, enslaving the native Liburni and Delmata. The population resists the occupation, but the Greeks are helped by the Romans. The Illyrians find allies in the Macedonians, with whom they attack the Greeks in the southern Adriatic and in the entire Ionian Sea.
IRON KNIFE (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 300 BC - 280 BC
CIVILIZATION: CELTS
The Celts came to northern Croatia in the 5th century BC. They settled the river valleys and mixed with the Illyrians, mainly the Pannonis and the Japodes. From there they constantly traded with the Histri, Delmatians and Liburnians. During the 4th and early 3rd centuries BC, the Greeks colonized the eastern islands and the Adriatic coast inhabited by the Liburnians and Delmatians. They founded colonies: Issa (on the island of Vis), Pharos (on the island of Hvar), Korkyra Melaina (on the island of Korčula), Tragoúrion (Trogir), Epétion (Stobreč), Salonai (Solin). Due to the Greek occupation, the Celts suffered trade and their influence declined. In 280 BC, the Celts armed themselves and launched a military campaign against Thrace with 20,000 soldiers, and in one direction they passed along the Adriatic coast. This knife found in the Benkovac area (37km SE from the Bosi i Goli apartments) also dates from that time.
COPPER RINGS (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 200 BC - 0 BC
CIVILIZATION: GREECE
People have always had a need to beautify and decorate themselves. Jewelry, in addition to decoration, was also a display of economic power and belonging to a higher class. Of all jewelry, rings had the greatest significance and symbolism. Wedding rings showed loyalty to one person, or marital status. They were worn on the ring finger of the left hand. These rings were found in the small town of Caska on the island of Pag. They date back to the time of the Greek colonization of the Adriatic. The remains of Caska are located several meters deep, while the sea level was obviously much lower than today.
GREEK COINS (REPLICAS)
PERIOD: 500 BC - 100 BC
CIVILIZATION: GREECE
MACEDONIA was founded in the 5th century BC. Over the years, the Macedonians mixed with neighboring Illyrian and Thracian tribes, and since they were culturally inferior to Greece, the Greeks called them barbarians. The population was mainly engaged in cattle breeding and agriculture. The first significant ruler of Macedonia was PHILIP II. (ruled 359 BC - 336 BC). In 338 BC, Philip conquered Athens, after which the entire Peloponnese surrendered to him. In 336 BC, he formed an alliance with other Greek cities and attacked Persia. He was killed in a conspiracy in Macedonia that same year.
He was succeeded by his son ALEXANDER III. (ruled 336 BC - 323 BC). In the Battle of the Granicus River in 334 BC, Alexander III defeated the Persian king Darius III and conquered all of Asia Minor and Egypt. After the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC, he conquered the entire Persian Empire.
Alexander's successors, the Diadochi, divided his vast empire and created the Hellenistic states. After Alexander's death, the Hellenistic period began. HELLENISM - the period from 323 BC to 30 BC - the mixing of Greek culture, art and science with the Eastern. The peoples he conquered adopted Greek as their official language. All peoples who did not speak Greek were called Barbarians.
I) Athena (REPLICA)
ISSUER: Attica (Athens)
PERIOD OF ISSUE: 480 BC – 450 BC
DENOMINATION: 4 (Tetradrachm)
COIN: Drachm
MINT: Tripolis
OBVERSE: Head of ATHENA facing right. On the head is a helmet decorated with three laurel leaves above the visor and a spiral branch on the crown. Round earring. Pearl necklace. Wavy locks of hair under the helmet.
REVERSE: OWL standing to the right with its head and right foot facing us. On the left is a branch with two leaves and an olive fruit. Athena's OWL is a symbol of knowledge and wisdom.
LEGEND: ΑΘΕ (Alpha, Theta, Eta / A-TH-E) ATHENA (Greek: Ἀθηνᾶ), daughter of Zeus, is the goddess of civilization, wisdom, strength, just war, weaving, metallurgy and crafts. She is particularly important as the goddess of wisdom, intelligence, and cunning (Greek: metis). Athena's counterpart in Roman mythology is Minerva, the goddess of wisdom. Athena taught women to spin and weave, and men to make pottery and build ships and chariots.
II) Ainos (REPLIC)
ISSUER: Ainos / Thrace (Enez/Turkey)
PERIOD OF ISSUE: 374 BC - 371 BC
DENOMINATION: 4 (Tetradrachm)
COIN: Drachm
OBVERSE: Head of HERMES facing us. On the head PETASOS (πετασος) (A wide-brimmed hat of Thessalian origin worn by the ancient Greeks, Thracians and Etruscans, often combined with a cloak of clomid. It was made of wool felt, leather, straw or animal skin. Women's versions had a high crown while those for men had a lower crown.) with a button on top and beads along the edge.
HERMES, Greek Ἑρμῆς, Hermễs. In Greek mythology, he is the messenger of the gods, the protector of travelers and thieves, shepherds, poets, athletes and merchants; the son of Zeus and Maia. Hermes' counterpart in Roman mythology is Mercury. Hermes is the messenger who conveys the gods' messages to people, is the fastest of all the gods and loyal to his father Zeus. He invented fire and allowed Prometheus to take it to people. He also invented the lyre and the syrinx, which he then exchanged with Apollo. He also invented many types of races and the sport of boxing and was the protector of athletes. Hermes was also the companion of the dead to Hades. He was often depicted as the only god who can enter and exit Hades without restrictions, along with Hades and Persephone.
REVERSE: Horned and bearded GOAT facing right, gnawing a bush.
LEGEND: ΑΙΝΙΟΝ / AENOS (Ainos) is the highest mountain in ancient Greece at 1,628 meters high. It is located on the Greek island of Kefalonia (Cephalonia) in the Ionian Sea (Iónio Pélagos).
III) PHILIP II OF MACEDONIA (REPLIC)
ISSUER: Anfipolis
RULER: FILIP II OF MACEDONIA (✴️382 BC 👑 359 BC ✝️336 BC)
ISSUING PERIOD: 359 BC– 336 BC
APOEN: 1
MONETA: Tetradrachm
OBVERSE: Right profile of the head of the supreme god ZEUS. Dark eyes. Face covered with a mustache and beard has an expression of concern. Hair slightly curly. In the hair a laurel wreath. Zeus is depicted in Philip's profile.
REVERSE: Horse facing left in a parade trot with the front right and rear left legs raised. PHILIP II OF MACEDONIA rides a bareback horse, naked from the croup downwards. He holds the reins with his left hand, while his right hand is extended forward and points towards the sky. The upper part of the body is draped with a cloth that flutters behind. Above the head is a crescent moon. Between the legs and under the belly of the horse is the rising sun above the horizon.
LEGEND: ΦΙΛΙΠ-ΠΟΥ
(PHILIPPOU)
Philip II As a Macedonian, he was not considered Greek and his fighters were not allowed to compete in the Olympics. Nevertheless, at the 106th OLYMPIC GAMES in 356 BC. entered his horse in "KELES", a 1.2 km long horse race and won. This was a double victory: firstly, he was officially admitted to the games and secondly, by winning, he consolidated his position as a true Greek. He won two more times, at the 107th OLYMPIC GAMES in 352 BC. in the four-legged race and at the 108th OLYMPIC GAMES in 348 BC. in the two-legged race. Zeus appears as the patron of the Olympic Games, shaped after Philip's face.
IV) Aegina (REPLICA)
PUBLISHER: Aegina (an island in the Aegean Sea)
PERIOD OF ISSUE: 350 BC - 338 BC
APOEN: 3 (Stater)
COIN: Drachm
OBVERSE: LAND TURTLE
LEGEND:
A (to the left of the turtle)
I (to the right of the turtle)
REVERSE: 4 incised squares
LEGEND by fields:
A1) A
A2) IΓI (A-IGI / Aegaeus)
B1) dolphin
B2) \ (upwards a square diagonally divided into 2 triangles)
AEGAEUS (goat island) in the Aegean Sea (Greek: Αίγαΐον πέλαγος; Latin: Mare Aegaeum; Macedonian: Belo more)
ἀρχιπέλαγος (Greek: arhipelagos; English: main sea) = archipelago
AEGINA (ATTICA), is located along the coast of Athens. It has a rocky terrain, and the lack of good agricultural land forced the inhabitants to become seafaring merchants. In the 6th century BC, Aegina was a central depot for Black Sea grain on the way to the Peloponnese, and by the mid-6th century, Aegina had been granted grain concessions in Egypt. During their travels, Aeginetan merchants were exposed to Asia Minor coinage, which naturally led to its introduction in Aegina. However, Athens overshadowed it after the Persian Wars and captured it in 456 BC. Soon after, the inhabitants were expelled from the island. Aegina was the first Greek state to mint money.
V) ALEXANDER THE GREAT (REPLICA)
ISSUER: Thrace / Greece
RULER: LUSIMACHOS (✴️360 BC - 👑306 BC - ✝️281 BC)
PERIOD OF ISSUE: 323 BC – 281 BC
DENOMINATION: 1
COIN: Drachma
MINT: Ainos
OBVERSE: Head of ALEXANDER THE GREAT / Alexander the Great / Alexander II. Facing right. Curly hair decorated with a ribbon from which hangs a ram's horn. The ram's horn is a phallic symbol, a symbol of masculinity, a symbol of the Egyptian god Amon – Amon's horn – ammonite.
REVERSE: ATHENA seated facing left. Helmet with ribbon raised on head. She is dressed in a floor-length dress without sleeves. He holds a winged NIKA in his outstretched right hand. Her left hand rests on the shield behind her. NIKA (Greek: Νίκη, Níkē) in Greek mythology is the goddess of triumph and victory. Her counterpart in Roman mythology is Victoria)
LEGEND: bΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ - ΛΥΣΙ
(BASILEOS - LUSI)
BASILEOS (plural Βασιλεῖς, Basileis) means a ruler (king) in ancient Greece.
LUSI is an abbreviation of the name of the ruler LUSIMAHOS. (Λυσίμαχος, Lysímakhos – Lysimachus Alexander's general. Married Ptolemy's daughter ARSINONE II)
MONOGRAM: A (Athena)
VI) SELEUKOS I. NIKATOR (REPLICA)
ISSUER: Syria / Susa
RULER: SELEUKOS I NIKATOR (✴️358 BC 👑 305 BC ✝️281 BC)
ISSUING PERIOD: 312 BC – 294 BC
DENOMINATION: 4 (Tetradrachm)
COIN: Drachm
OBVERSE: Head of ALEXANDER OF MACEDONIA facing right; wearing a helmet of Dionysus covered with a panther skin, and decorated with bull's ears and horns; Panther skin tied around the neck.
REVERSE: NIKA (Greek: Νίκη, Níkē) standing facing right, placing a crown on a trophy; in the lower left field, a monogram; in the lower right field, a monogram. In Greek mythology, NIKA is the goddess of triumph and victory. Her counterpart in Roman mythology is Victoria)
LEGEND: ΣEΛEΥΚΟΥ βΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ
(SELEUKOU / VASILEOS) plural of Βασιλεῖς, Vasileis); means "sovereign" or "king". Its most famous use is as a title of the Byzantine emperors, but it was also used by various rulers in ancient Greece, as well as by the kings of modern Greece.
Seleucus I Nicator (Seleucid) (358 BC – 281 BC) king of Syria. The general of Alexander the Great and the founder of the Macedonian Seleucid dynasty, which ruled a large part of Alexander's empire in Asia in the period 305 BC to 64 BC. Seleucid ruler from 305 BC to 281 BC He was succeeded by his son Antiochus I. Soter.
VII) PTOLOMY II PHILADELPH (REPLICA)
iSSUER: Egypt / Ptolemaic dynasty
RULER: PTOLOMY II PHILADELPH (✴️308 BC - 👑282 BC ✝️246 BC)
PERIOD OF ISSUE: 252 BC – 249 BC
DENOMINATION: 8 (Octodrachm)
COIN: Drachm
OBVERSE: Head of ARSINONE II facing right. Long hair tied at the back in a bun. A diadem in her hair. Head covered with a veil.
LEDENDA behind the head: Θ
(THETA)
REVERSE: Double cornucopia bound with royal ribbon. In the horn are pyramidal cakes, pomegranates and other fruits; a cluster hanging from the edge of each horn.
LEGEND: ΑΡΣΙΝΟΗΣ ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟΥ
(ARSINONS FILADELFOU)
(ARSINOA BROTHER LOVER)
The coin of Arsinoe II was minted under the reign of her husband-brother Ptolemy II Philadelphus (the sister-lover) The coin depicts the main divine attributes: the ram's horn and the double cornucopiae.
VIII) ANTIMACHUS I. THEOS (REPLICA)
ISSUER: Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (territory of today's Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Iran and Pakistan)
RULER: ANTIMACHUS I. THEOS (✴️ 286 BC / 👑 261 BC / ✝️ 246 BC.)
ISSUING PERIOD: 174 BC - 165 BC
DENOMINATION: 4 (Tetradrachm)
COIN: Drachm
OBVERSE: ANTIMAHOS I. THEOS (Ἀντίμαχος Α ὁ Θεός), bust, looking right, wearing casia (καυσία – flat round cap from Eastern Persia), scarf tied around neck
REVERSE: POSEIDON standing facing, wrapped around his waist, resting his right hand on a trident, and holding a palm branch in his left hand
LEGEND: ΑΝΤΙΜΑΧΟΥ βΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΘΕΟΥ
(ANTIMAHOU VASILEOS THEOU)
(ANTIMACHOS KING GOD)
Monogram in the lower right field
IX) MITHRADATES VI EUPATOR (REPLICA)
ISSUER: Pergamon Mint.
RULER: MITHRADATES VI EUPATOR
(✴️135 BC / 👑 120 BC / ✝️63 BC)
ISSUING PERIOD: 110 BC – 88 BC
DENOMINATION: 4 (Tetradrachm)
COIN: Drachma
OBVERSE: Head of MITHRADATES, diademed, facing right.
REVERSE:
DEER grazing in pasture; facing left; star; all within Dionysian wreath of ivy and fruit. The deer is an attribute of the Greek goddess Artemis, perhaps intended to refer to her main cult and sanctuary at Ephesus in Asia Minor and thus attract Greeks to the area again.
THE STARS allude to the Persian worship of celestial bodies.
WREATH OF IVY AND FRUIT refers to DIONYSUS, the Greek god associated with the East and also the patron of Mithradates
LEGEND:
βAΣIΛEΩΣ MIΘPAΔATOY EYΠATOPO
(BASILEOS MITHERADATOU EUPATOROS)
etους ΓKΣ (year 223)
Iβ IV (twelfth year of reign, fourth term)
Μιθραδάτης, from Old Persian Mithradath, "gift of Mithras" - king of PONTOS. At the age of 18, Mithradates deposed his queen mother, and began a career of conquest, bringing most of the lands around the Black Sea under his rule. His expansionist goals inevitably brought him into conflict with Rome, and in preparation for the coming war he built the largest army in Asia, liberating it from Rome in 88 BC in the First Mithradic War. He ordered the massacre of every Roman citizen in Asia, in which almost 80,000 people died. He fought three wars against Rome between 88 and 63 BC. He saw himself as the protector of the Greeks, who at first welcomed his attempts to deter the Romans, but eventually his rule became oppressive, and he encountered resistance even in his own territory. At the height of his power he controlled conquered much of Asia Minor and Greece, choosing Pergamon as his capital and royal residence. Rome eventually forced him to give up his conquered territory, pay a huge indemnity, and retreat to his original borders. In 63 BC, after suffering a final defeat at the hands of Pompey and facing a rebellion by his own son Pharnakes, he attempted suicide by taking poison, but had become accustomed to its effects from years of taking small doses of the antidote, and had to be stabbed to death by one of his mercenaries.
PHOENICIAN COIN (REPLICA)
ISSUER: CARTHAGE
RULER OF CARTHAGE: HANNO THE GREAT - MARETIMER
PERIOD OF ISSUE: 264 BC - 241 BC (First Punic War)
DENOMINATION: 10 (Decadrachma)
COIN: Drachma
MINT: Sicily
DIAMETER: 4 cm
OBVERSE: left cheek of Tanita (Persephone), the supreme deity of Carthage, crowned with an ear of grain, with an earring in her left ear.
REVERSE: Pegasus in flight
LEGEND: “IN THE COUNTRY” (Phoenician letters)
In the third century BC, at the end of Greek civilization and before the heyday of Roman civilization, the Mediterranean was ruled by the Phoenicians, a Sunni people originating from the south of the Saudi Peninsula. They had their own language and script, and were known for their detailed and precise bookkeeping as merchants. They were skilled merchants and excellent sailors. They sailed deep into the Adriatic. Their ships had distinctive purple sails. After conquering them, the Romans destroyed all the books and records they had found, and assimilated the Phoenicians into their own culture. The most famous Phoenician was Hannibal, who attacked Rome in the Second Punic War.
CARTHAGE = QART-HADAŠT (Phoenician) = New City
Roman coins (ORIGINALS)
PERIOD: 225 BC - 375 AD
CIVILIZATION:
ROMAN KINGDOM (753 BC - 510 BC)
ROMAN REPUBLIC (509 BC - 30 BC)
ROMAN EMPIRE (27 BC - 476 AD)
Roman coins were a means of payment throughout the Croatian Littoral from the 1st century BC to the 6th century AD. They partially replaced the barter trade that never completely died out. This collection contains coins with the images of Roman emperors and empresses: Faustina (141AD–161AD), Claudius II Ghoticus (268 AD–285 AD), Marcus Aurelius Maximianus (292 AD–295 AD), Crispus Nobilus (318 AD), Constantinus Maximus (318 AD–320 AD), Constantinopolis (337 AD–340 AD), Constantinus Iunior (337 AD–347 AD), Valentinian I (364 AD–375 AD) and Valentinian II (375 AD – 392 AD). The mentioned emperors were of Illyrian origin, born and died in Pula, Vinkovci, Srijemski Karlovci, Niš… Most of the coins were minted locally in SISCIJA in Croatia, but also in Rome and Aquileia in Italy, Antioch, Nicomedia and Cyzicus in Turkey, Thessalonica in Greece and Alexandria in Egypt. The coins are mostly made of copper and brass. All the coins were found in the area of today's STARIGRAD, or Roman ARGYRUNTUM, during the 20th century, partly on the seashore, and mostly in gardens and homesteads during land cultivation and construction work. Identical coins, albeit of slightly better quality, can be seen in the Zadar Archaeological Museum and the collection of the elementary school in Starigrad.
I) Janus (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Roman Republic (509 BC - 27 BC)
ISSUING PERIOD: 225 BC - 214 BC
DENOMINATION: 2
COIN: Drachma
OBVERSE: God JANUS, head with two faces crowned with laurel wreaths. Janus (Latin Ianus) Roman god, guardian of houses and roads, symbol of duplicity, without Greek counterpart. He is the god of beginnings and ends, sees the past and the future. This power was given to him by Saturn, the former king of the universe. Janus' symbols are a door and a key. His wife is called Jana. January, the first month of the year, is named after him.
COIN EDGE: Bordered with dots.
REVERSE: VICTORIA drives a four-horse chariot. With her in the chariot is JUPITER, who holds a scepter in his left hand and throws thunderbolts with his right; Quadriga: a chariot with 4 galloping horses; right-facing. This coin was called Quadrigatus because of the four horses.
LEGEND: ROMA
(ROME)
II) ANTONIN PIO (ORIGINAL)
PUBLISHER: Roman Empire
RULER: ANTHONY PIO (✴️ 88. / 👑 138. - 161. / ✝️ 161.)
ISSUING PERIOD: 141 - 161
APOEN: 1
COIN: denarius
1 denarius = 4 sesterces = 10 ace
MINT: Rome - Cappadocia
OBVERSE: Bust of Faustina I. facing right, draped in a frilled dress, her hair lavishly waved in several loops around her head and held up. Diadem and ribbon decorated with pearls coiled on top.
LEGEND: DIVA FAUSTINA
(DIVA FAUSTINA)
(DIVINE FAUSTINA)
REVERSE: CERES (Roman goddess of agriculture, grain and harvest. = Greek Demeter = Egyptian Isis), veiled, wearing a toga, standing en-face, head turned to the right shoulder, holding two ears of wheat in her right hand and a lighted torch in her left.
LEGEND: AVGVSTA / SC
(AVGVSTA / SENATVS CONSVLTVS)
(EMPRESS / MINTED ON THE PROPOSAL OF THE SENATE)
Bronze coins in the Roman Empire were issued under the authority of the Senate, while gold and silver coins were issued under imperial authority.
III) CLAUDIUS II GHOTICUS (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Roman Empire
RULER: CLAUDIUS II GHOTICUS (✴️ 214. Srijemska Mitrovica - 👑 268. - ✝️ 270. Srijemska Mitrovica)
ISSUING PERIOD: 268 – 285
MINT: Antiochia
OBVERSE: Bust of Claudius Gothicus facing right. Crown with spikes decorated with a ribbon on his head.
LEGEND: IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG
(IMPERATOR CAESAR CLAVDIUS AVGUSTUS)
(CONQUEROR CAESAR CLAUDIUS AUGUSTUS)
REVERSE: NEPTUNE standing naked (en-face), draped with a shawl over his shoulders and arms. Head turned to the left. Hair covered with a net. Left hand resting on a trident (trident). Right hand holding a dolphin facing downwards.
LEGEND: NEPTVN AVG A
(NEPTVN AVGUSTUS)
(NEPTUN AUGUST)
A - Mint mark in Antioch - a Hellenistic city in present-day Turkey
IV) MAXIMIANUS (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Roman Empire
RULER: MAXIMIANUS (✴️ 240. Srijemska Mitrovica / 👑 286. - 305. / ✝️ 310. Marseille, France)
ISSUING PERIOD: 268. - 285.
MINT: Cyzicus
OBVERSE: Bust of Maximianus facing right. Crown with spikes decorated with ribbon on head.
LEGEND: IMP C M A MAXIMIANVS P F AVG
(IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCUS AURELIUS MAXIMIANUS PIUS FELIX AUGUSTUS)
(CONQUEROR CAESAR MARCUS AURELIUS MAXIMIANUS PIETY AUGUSTUS)
REVERSE: JUPITER facing right, naked with scarf over arm and cap on head, left hand resting on scepter. Presenting VICTORY on globe to Maximianus who is resting on shield in military uniform.
LEGEND: CONCORDIA MILITVM
(CONCORDIA MILITUM)
(SOLDIER'S SYLLABLE)
*XXI* = (coin alloy mark)
20 parts of copper / 1 part of silver, i.e. about 5% silver in the alloy.
V) MAXIMIANUS (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Roman Empire
RULER: MAXIMIANUS (✴️ 240. Srijemska Mitrovica / 👑 286. - 305. / ✝️ 310. Marseille, France)
PERIOD OF ISSUE: 290.
MINT: Siscia (Sisak – Croatia)
OBVERSE: Bust of Maximianus facing right. On the head a laurel wreath decorated with a ribbon.
LEGEND: IMP MAXIMINVS P F AVG
(IMPERATOR MAXIMIANUS PIUS FELIX AUGUSTUS)
(CONQUEROR MAXIMIANUS, THE PIETY AUGUSTUS)
REVERSE: JUPITER standing naked en-face with a cap on his head, draped with a shawl. Head turned left. Left hand resting on a scepter. In his right hand he holds a bolt of lightning. At his feet is a laurel wreath
LEGEND: IOVI CONSERVATORI
(IOVI CONSERVATORI)
(JUPITER PATRON)
SIS
the mint mark of SISCIA (Sisak, Croatia) in the capital of the colony of Pannonia Savia. The imperial mint in Siscia was open from 260 to 390.
VI) CRISPUS (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Roman Empire
RULER: CRISPUS (Flavius Julius Valerius Claudius Crispus) (✴️ 300. Pula / 👑 317. - 326. / ✝️ 326. Pula)
ISSUING PERIOD: 318.
MINT: Aquileia
OBVERSE: Bust of CRISPUS facing right. He is wearing a military cloak supported by a fibula. On his head is a laurel wreath and ribbon.
LEGEND: CRISPVS NOB CAES
(CRISPVS NOBILVS CAESAR)
(CRISPUS NOBLE CAESAR)
REVERSE: CRISPUS standing naked en-face, head turned to the left. He has a military helmet on his head, and a shawl is draped over his shoulder and left arm. He holds an upright spear in his left hand, and leans on a shield with his right hand.
LEGEND: PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS
(PRINCIPIA IUVENTUTIS)
(THE YOUNG PRINCE)
In 326, Crispus' life ended suddenly. By order of his father Constantine I, he was brought before the court in Pula, where he was sentenced to death and executed. Soon after, Constantine I ordered the murder of his wife Fausta, who suffocated in an overheated bath.
VII) CONSTANTINE I (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Roman Empire
RULER: CONSTANTINE I (✴️ 272.Niš / 👑 306. - 337. / ✝️ 337. Nicomedia)
ISSUING PERIOD: 319.
MINT: SISCIA (Sisak – Croatia)
OBVERSE: Bust of Constantine I facing right. Dressed in military uniform. Helmet tied under the neck.
LEGEND: CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG
(CONSTANTINUS MAXIMUS AUGUSTUS)
(CONSTANTIN THE GREAT AUGUSTUS)
REVERSE: Two winged VICTORIA holding a shield resting on a stone altar. On the shield the inscription VOT PR
LEGEND: VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP
(VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINCIPUM PERPETUA)
(TO THE FRUITFUL VICTORIES OF OUR ETERNAL PRINCE)
LEGEND ON THE SHIELD: VOT PR
(VOTA POPVLI ROMANI)
(VOW TO THE ROMAN PEOPLE)
LEGEND ON THE BOTTOM: ΓSIS
Mint mark of SISCIA (Sisak, Croatia), the capital of the colony of Pannonia Savia. The imperial mint in Siscia was open from 260 to 390.
VIII) CONSTANTINE I (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Roman Empire
RULER: CONSTANTINE I (✴️ Niš 272 / 👑 306 - 337 / ✝️ Nicomedia 337)
ISSUING PERIOD: 318 - 320
MINT: SISCIA (Sisak - Croatia)
OBVERSE: Bust of Constantine I facing right. Dressed in military uniform. Helmet tied under the neck.
LEGEND: CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG
(CONSTANTINUS MAXIMUS AUGUSTUS)
(CONSTANTIN THE GREAT AUGUSTUS)
REVERSE: Two winged VICTORIAS holding a shield resting on a stone altar. On the shield the inscription VOT PR
LEGEND: VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP
(VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINCIPUM PERPETUA)
(TO THE FRUITFUL VICTORIES OF OUR ETERNAL EMPEROR)
LEGEND ON THE SHIELD: VOT PR
(VOTA POPVLI ROMANI)
(VOW TO THE ROMAN PEOPLE)
LEGEND ON THE BOTTOM: P ARL
Mint mark ARLES (Marseille, France)
IX) CONSTANTINE I (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Roman Empire
RULER: CONSTANTINE I (✴️ Niš 272. / 👑 306. - 337. / ✝️ Nicomedia 337.)
ISSUING PERIOD: 330.
MINT: SISCIA (Sisak – Croatia)
OBVERSE: Bust of Constantine I facing right. He is wearing a military cloak supported by a fibula. On his head is a laurel wreath and ribbon.
LEGEND: D N CONSTANTINVS P F AVG
(DOMINUS NOSTER CONSTANTINUS PIUS FELIX AUGUSTUS)
(OUR RULER CONSTANTIN, THE PIETY AUGUSTUS)
REVERSE: Constantine stands en-face, head turned to the left. He has a diadem on his head, dressed in the officer's uniform of the time. In his left hand he holds an upright spear with the tip stuck into the ground, and in his right hand a globe.
LEGEND: SPES REIPVBLICE SIS
(SPES REIPUBLICE)
(HOPE IN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC)
SIS = mint mark of SISCIA (Sisak, Croatia) the capital of the colony of Pannonia Savia. The imperial mint in Siscia was open from 260 to 390.
X) CONSTANTINE I (ORIGINAL)
PUBLISHER: Roman Empire
RULER: CONSTANTINE I (✴️ Niš 272. / 👑 306. - 337. / ✝️ Nicomedia 337.)
PERIOD OF ISSUE: 330. - 335.
MINT: SIRNIUM (Srijemska Mitrovica)
OBVERSE: Bust of Constantine I facing right. Appeared at War of Odor. The ribbon on the head is sparkling.
LEGEND: CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG
(CONSTANTINUS MAXIMUS AUGUSTUS)
(CONSTANTINE THE GREAT AUGUST)
REVERSE: Two standing soldiers holding a spear on the outside, and on the inside leaning on a shield with the other hand. Between them are two war spears.
LEGEND: GLORIA EXERCITVS / SMN D
(GLORIA EXERCITUS)
(GLORY TO THE ARMY)
SMN D = mint mark SIRMIUM (Srijemska Mitrovica) main city of the Roman province Panonije Inferior
XI) CONSTANTINE I (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Roman Empire
RULER: CONSTANTINE I (✴️ Niš 272 / 👑 306 - 337 / ✝️ Nicomedia 337)
PERIOD OF ISSUE: 335 - 340
MINT: SISCIA (Sisak – Croatia)
OBVERSE: Bust of Constantine I (Constantine the Great) facing right. The bust is draped in a cloth fastened with a fibula. In the hair is a diadem (ribbon) decorated with rosettes
LEGEND: CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG
(CONSTANTINUS MAXIMUS AUGUSTUS)
(CONSTANTIN THE GREAT AUGUSTUS)
REVERSE: Two soldiers, standing opposite each other, lean on shields and hold spears. Between them is a trophy banner. On the flag is the Christian symbol (X-kai / P-ro) ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ
LEGEND: GLORIA EXERCITVS
(GLORIA EXERCITUS)
(GLORY TO THE SOLDIERS)
LEGEND AT THE BOTTOM: E SIS ꮼ
(ETA SISCIS and new moon in conjunction with Venus.)
Mint mark SISCIA (Sisak, Croatia) capital of the colony of Pannonia Savia. The Imperial Mint in Siscia was open from 260 to 390.
XII) CONSTANTINE I (ORIGINAL)
PUBLISHER: Roman Empire
RULER: CONSTANTINE I (✴️ Niš 272 / 👑 306 - 337 / ✝️ Nicomedia 337)
PERIOD OF ISSUE: 337 - 340
MINT: SISCIA (Sisak - Croatia)
OBVERSE: Bust of Constantine I, facing left. Dressed in military uniform, cloak and metal collar. On his head is a military helmet with a feathered crest and a double diadem. Scepter over his left shoulder
LEGEND: CONSTANTINOPOLIS
(CONSTANTINOPOLIS)
(CONSTANTINOPOLIS)
REVERSE: VICTORIA standing on the prow of a galley facing left, holding a spear in her right hand and resting her left hand on a shield. Commemorating the naval battle between Constantine I and his then rival and rival Licinius I
LEGEND: SIS
Mint mark SISCIA (Sisak, Croatia) the capital of the colony of Pannonia Savia. The imperial mint at Siscia was open from AD 260 to AD 390.
XIII) FLAVIUS JULIUS CONSTANTINUS (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Roman Empire
RULER: Flavius Julius Constantius (✴️ Srijemska Mitrovica 317 / 👑 337 - 361 / ✝️ Cilicia 361)
ISSUING PERIOD: 337 - 343
MINT: Thessalonica
OBVERSE: Bust of Augustus Constantine II facing right. Bust is draped in military uniform. Laurel wreath in hair
LEGEND: CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C
(CONSTANTINVS IVNIOR NOBILITAS CAESAR)
(CONSTANTIN THE YOUNGER NOBLE CAESAR)
REVERSE: Two soldiers stand holding spears on the outside, and on the inside they lean on shields with the other hand. Between them are two military standards.
LEGEND: GLORIA EXERCITVS
(GLORIA EXERCITUS)
(GLORY TO THE ARMY)
LEGEND AT THE BOTTOM: S M TSA
(SACRA MONETA THESSALONICA)
(HOLY CURRENCY OF THESSALONIKI)
XIV) FLAVIUS JULIUS CONSTANTINUS (ORIGINAL)
PUBLISHER: Roman Empire
RULER: Flavius Julius Constantius (✴️ Srijemska Mitrovica 317 / 👑 337 - 361 / ✝️ Cilicia 361)
ISSUING PERIOD: 346 - 348
MINT: SISCIA (Sisak – Croatia)
OBVERSE: Right profile of the emperor. On his head is a laurel wreath. He wears imperial armor and a military cloak.
LEGEND: D N CONSTANTIVS P F AVG
(DOMINUS NOSTER CONSTANTIVS PIUS FELIX AVGUSTVS)
(OUR RULER CONSTANTIN, THE PIETY AUGUSTUS)
REVERSE: A soldier in military uniform, with a helmet on his head, a shield in his left hand and a spear in his right, attacks a fallen horseman and horse. At his feet lies a fallen enemy standard.
LEGEND: FEL TEMP REPARATIO
(FELIX TEMPORA REPARATIO)
(FOR THE RESTORATION OF HAPPY TIMES)
LEGEND IN THE FIELD: M
M - coin (AE2 bronze coin)
LEGEND IN THE BOTTOM: GSIS
G is the third letter of the alphabet (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) and denotes the third blacksmith shop within the mint.
SIS is the mint mark of SISCIA (Sisak, Croatia), the capital of the colony of Pannonia. The imperial mint in Siscia was open from 260 to 390.
XV) FLAVIUS JULIUS CONSTANTINUS (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Roman Empire
RULER: Flavius Julius Constantius (✴️ Srijemska Mitrovica 317 / 👑 337 - 361 / ✝️ Cilicia 361)
ISSUING PERIOD: 346 - 348
MINT: SISCIA (Sisak – Croatia)
OBVERSE: Left-facing bust of ROMA with raised visor, plume and helmet ribbon. Armor on bust.
LEGEND: VRBS ROMA
(URBIS ROMA)
(TO THE PEOPLE OF ROME)
REVERSE: Left-facing she-wolf, head turned below her, looks at ROMULUS and REMU as she nurses them. Two eight-pointed stars above the she-wolf
LEGEND: ΓSIS
Γ is the third letter of the alphabet (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) and denotes the third blacksmith shop within the mint.
SIS is the mint mark of SISCIA (Sisak, Croatia), the capital of the colony of Pannonia. The imperial mint in Siscia was open from AD 260 to AD 390.
The coin was issued by Flavius Julius Constantius to commemorate the founding of Rome, after the capital of the empire was moved to Constantinople (ironic)
XVI) FLAVIUS JULIUS CONSTANTINUS (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Roman Empire
RULER: Flavius Julius Constantius (✴️ Srijemska Mitrovica 317 / 👑 337 - 361 / ✝️ Cilicia 361)
ISSUING PERIOD: 346 - 348
MINT: Alexandria
OBVERSE: Right profile of the head of Constantine I. Wrapped in a veil that falls to the shoulders. Without decorations or honors.
LEGEND: DV CONSTANTINVS P F AVGG
(DIVUS CONSTANTINUS PIUS FELIX AUGUSTOS)
(CONSTANTIN DIVINE, Pious BLESSED FATHER OF AUGUSTUS)
DIVUS = divine/ divine, used exclusively for deceased emperors who have been officially elevated to the gods
AVGG = co-emperors Augusti, sons of Augustus
REVERSE: Constantine I standing facing right, dressed in a toga, with a veil over his head.
LEGEND: VN MR
(VENERABILIS MEMORIAS)
(FOR HONORABLE MEMORIES)
LEGEND AT THE BOTTOM: S M ALE
(SACRA MONETA ALEXANDRIA)
(SAINT MONETA OF ALEXANDRIA)
XVII) VALENTINIANUS I (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Roman Empire
RULER: VALENTINIAN I (✴️ 321. Cibalae Vinkovci / 👑 364. - 375. /✝️ 375. Szőny, Hungary)
MINT: Antiochia
ISSUING PERIOD: 364.
OBVERSE: Bust of Valentinian
facing right. Dressed in military uniform and cloak. Double laurel wreath in hair.
LEGEND: D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVG
(DOMINUS NOSTER VALENTINIANUS PIUS FELIX AUGUSTUS)
(OUR RULER VALENTINIANUS Pious AUGUSTUS)
REVERSE: Valentinian in military uniform walking right. With his right hand he is pulling a defeated barbarian by the hair. With his left hand he holds a flag with the Christian symbol (ix/ro) left *, right * and the letter B .
LEGEND: GLORIA ROMANORVM
(GLORIA ROMANORUM)
(GLORY TO THE ROMANS)
BOTTOM LEGEND: ANTI
Mint mark in Antioch -Ἀντιόχεια a Hellenistic city in present-day Turkey
NEEDLE CONTAINER (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 100 - 300
CIVILIZATION: ROMAN EMPIRE (27 BC - 476 AD)
The oldest sewing needles in human history were made 60,000 years ago from bird bone. In the Roman Empire, 2,000 years ago, copper and iron needles were used. Roman women stored them in wooden, bone and metal cases. Here we have a metal case with minimal decoration. It belonged to a middle-class lady. Interestingly, there is still one needle in the case that has corroded and merged with the container. The container had two wooden stoppers that unfortunately disappeared over the centuries. This container was found in the Benkovac area (34km SE from the Bosi i Goli apartment).
HAIRPINS (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 100. - 300.
CIVILIZATION: ROMAN EMPIRE (27 BC - 476 AD)
The Latin noun ACUS (-us. f.) generally denotes pointed tools, not just sewing needles and hairpins (hairpins). The function of hairpins and sewing needles has remained unchanged for centuries. Finds from the Lower Paleolithic point to stone, but mostly hairpins made of bone. However, the most common were probably those made of twigs. In the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, hairpins were popular decorative-utilitarian objects, but now they are mostly made of metal. At that time, hairpins made of gold and silver, with which men of the Aegean-Asia Minor region used to pin up their hair, were especially popular. The Greeks and Romans, in addition to bone, ivory and precious metals, also used hardwood to make hairpins. Needles and hairpins were made by specialized craftsmen whose Latin names are recorded in ancient sources as ACUARIUS and ACUTARIUS. In ancient dictionaries, the word ACIARIUM is also found, which denotes a case in which pins and hairpins were kept.
Acus crinalis A hairpin (hairpin) with a decorative head / for fastening and decorating the hairstyle
Acus comatoria A hairpin or hair comb
Acus discriminalis Undecorated hairpins / for twisting, straightening and parting the hair
Among the professions related to the use of sewing needles and hairpins, we find sarcinatrix (seamstress) and ornatrix (hairdresser). These jobs were carried out by slaves. The hairpin also became a means of revenge for angry women.
Various needles also played a role in medicine. They were used by doctors and veterinarians. They were used to perform various operations and procedures (ulcers, veins, ears, testicles and cataracts). Hairpins were also used in superstition and witchcraft. Most often, a hairpin was used to pierce a picture or figurine of an enemy, especially in places where it was desired to be disfigured.
The hairpin also became a means of revenge for angry women.
The wife of Mark Antony, Fulvia, is described as holding the head of the murdered Cicero in her lap and piercing his tongue with a hairpin. Apuleius mentions how one woman avenged her husband's death by gouging out the murderer's eyes with a hairpin.
FIBULAS (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 100 - 300
CIVILIZATION: ROMAN EMPIRE (27 BC - 476 AD)
A fibula (Latin: clasp, buckle) is an object used to fasten and fasten clothing, an ancient form of brooch. Fibulae replaced the pins that were used in the Neolithic. Unlike modern brooches, ancient fibulae were not only a decorative part of clothing, but also had a practical purpose: to fasten clothing, including cloaks, robes. Fibulae ceased to be used when buttons were developed in the Middle Ages.
A FIBULA consists of a BODY and a PIN, and the body in most cases consists of a HEAD, BOW, FOOT, SPRING and BUCKLE. All parts of a fibula can vary greatly from type to type, and some fibulae also have more elements than others.
Although fibulae developed as a functional object from a PIN whose purpose was to fasten two parts of a garment (a cloak, mantle or women's outer dress), they also became decorative objects, bearers of symbolism, and some even a status symbol. Men fastened their MANTLE or ROBE with a fibula on their right shoulder, and women fastened their PALA on both shoulders with two or more fibulas. Fibulae were made of various materials, most commonly bronze, and decorated in various ways.
There are three primary designs of fibulae:
1) cross fibula,
2) bow-shaped fibula (fibula arcus),
3) plate fibula (fibula bractea), and
4) ring-shaped fibula with a slit (fibula penannularia).
Bow-shaped or arc-shaped fibulas are the most common type and were made in all time periods and in most cultures that used fibulae.
A more developed form of fibula consists of: the head (the initial part of the body of the fibula from which the needle emerges), the arch (the basic part of the fibula) and the foot (the end part of the arch into which the needle is inserted), and a spring (for tensioning the needle) and a needle (the movable part of the fibula).
Fibulae develop in two basic forms: as one-piece (Danubian origin) and as two-piece (Nordic origin).
Our collection contains six bronze fibulae from the Roman period, which can be classified into three
categories:
1) bow-shaped fibulae (3 pcs.),
2) fibulae with a spiral spring (2 pcs.) and
3) fibulae with a leaf clasp (1 pc.).
ROMAN DICE (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 50 - 100
CIVILIZATION: ROMAN EMPIRE (27 BC - 476 AD)
“Alea iacta est!” Gaius Julius Caesar said when he crossed the Rubicon River with his army on January 10, 49 BC and entered Rome.
Passionate gamblers entrust their fate to the dice. The dice brought joy and sorrow, wealth and ruin. In this case, the dice overthrew democracy and brought dictatorship and began one of the most powerful empires in the world – the Roman Empire. Our dice are contemporary with that era. It is possible that they also shaped fates, determined who would be on guard duty or who would lead the cattle to pasture, who would marry and who would not, who would get a second meal for lunch and who would go hungry. However, they were more likely used for various games on idle winter days. At the height of its power, Rome created a class of hedonists, but partial hedonism was also available to the lower classes of the urban population. Thus, the inhabitants of Argyruntum also entertained themselves with various games. For some of the games, they used IACTA FORTUNA dice. The dice have remained unchanged from that time until today, until the beginning of the 21st century. 12 edges, 8 vertices, 6 sides, on each side the numbers from 1 to 6. The arrangement of the numbers is such that the sum of the digits of the opposite sides always equals 7. Thus, there are three combinations: 1+6, 2+5 and 3+4. The dice were made of various materials: wood, bone, stone.
ROMAN SPEARS (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 300 - 400
CIVILIZATION: ROMAN EMPIRE (27 BC - 476 AD)
Along with the knife, sword and shield, the spear was the basic weapon in the Roman army.
We cannot precisely date this invention, but we can assume that it is a weapon produced at the beginning of the 4th century, most likely forged in Siscia (the Sisak ironworks). The spearhead is double-edged, has two blades, which means that its main purpose was stabbing. The shape of the head is classic and practical, stabbing. There is no stop on the head. The blade is ground on both sides and a ridge extends in the middle. The loss of material is caused by corrosion over the centuries. The handle was obviously made of organic material, wood. It has rotted and therefore we cannot precisely reconstruct it. The length of the entire spear was between 2.4m and 3.6m. The Romans copied the design and method of use from the Ancient Greeks. This spearhead was found in the Vinjerac area.
CORAL NECKLACE (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 100. - 200.
CIVILIZATION: ROMAN EMPIRE (27 BC - 476 AD)
The Roman Empire was the largest social community of the time. After enslaving the Liburnians in the 2nd century BC, Rome learned from them how to make light and fast boats. Thanks to these boats, Octavian was able to defeat Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium in the Ionian Sea in the civil war in the fight for the imperial position. Cleopatra's fleet was on Mark Antony's side, however, it abandoned the battle. Mark Antony also fled after Cleopatra. After that, Octavian also conquered Egypt. From then on, trade continued unhindered, and coral from the Egyptian Red Sea coast also reached Argyruntum (Starigrad). These 5 pieces of red coral are cylindrical in shape with a hole in the middle. They were part of a necklace combined with semi-precious stones or shells and adorned the neck of a lady of high society. Not many could afford a coral necklace. It had a very high value and was passed down from generation to generation.
Trade was unhindered in the Roman Empire, so coral from the Egyptian Red Sea coast reached Argyruntum (Starigrad). These 5 pieces of red coral are cylindrical in shape with a hole in the middle. They were part of a necklace combined with semi-precious stones or shells and adorned the neck of a lady of high society. Not many could afford a coral necklace. It had a very high value and was passed down from generation to generation.
ROMAN RINGS (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 100 - 300
CIVILIZATION: ROMAN EMPIRE (27 BC - 476 AD)
People have always had a need to beautify and decorate themselves. Jewelry, in addition to decoration, was also a display of economic power and belonging to a higher class. Of all jewelry, rings had the greatest significance and symbolism. Wedding rings showed loyalty to one person, or marital status. They were worn on the ring finger of the left hand. In addition to their aesthetic role, signet rings also served as a means of confirming identity, and were used to seal letters, documents and safes. They replaced a signature, or fingerprint. This collection contains rings for all of the above purposes. These rings are from Argyruntum (Starigrad Paklenica) from the 2nd - 3rd century AD, from the time of Roman rule.
KEYS are used frequently, so they need to be accessible but also hidden. Since ancient times, people have hidden keys in their clothes and jewelry. However, the togas worn by the ancient Romans did not have pockets. So how did the ancient Romans protect their valuables?
Wearing a key on your finger was one of the best options because: “What better place to keep a key than in plain sight?” Small and elegant keys on a ring like this one were a Roman innovation. They considered keys on a ring to be both practical and a status symbol. By wearing them, the owner implied that he had valuable possessions that needed to be protected.
Primarily, keys on a ring were used to lock chests, boxes, suitcases, and padlocks. If someone’s key was richly decorated, one could only imagine what was stored in the chest it opened! They were almost never used to lock house doors or closets. Keys and lock bolts are common parts of Roman security equipment that have survived to this day.
A secondary, not functional but symbolic significance, was a symbol of fidelity, so a key on a ring symbolized marriage or engagement. Roman brides wore them to indicate their social status. This practice became so common that sometimes these keys were not even functional but merely decorative. In the end, the ring, even without the key, retained this symbolism of marital fidelity to this day.
A tertiary use was for ceremonial purposes (the vow ring).
Finally, such rings had an aesthetic role, that is, they were used for decorative purposes.
Keys like this were in use from the first century AD until the early Middle Ages.
AMPHORA (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 100 - 300
CIVILIZATION: ROMAN EMPIRE (27 BC - 476 AD)
Amphora
- ἀμφορεύς (amphi-phoreus) amphoreus “container with two handles”
- ἀμφί (amphi) double-sided
- Φορεύς (phoreus) vessel, container, space
A clay vessel for oil, wine, grain, honey, and more. Its neck is narrow, its belly is wide; it has two handles, and its bottom is round and flat. In addition to domestic purposes, amphorae were used in trade and in transportation as packaging. Amphora is an ancient unit of measurement for volume. The volume of a Roman amphora was 26.26 L. The Roman amphora symbolizes the female womb. Moreover, it was intentionally endowed with feminine features. Even the elements of the amphora were named as follows: throat, belly, leg, and arms.
This lunch was recovered from the sea from a depth of 5m in front of the parish hall in Starigrad by Krešimir and Mirna Javorović on 05.08.2019.
GLASS FRAGMENTS (ORIGINALS)
PERIOD: 100 - 200
CIVILIZATION: ROMAN EMPIRE (27 BC - 476 AD)
Glass has the mechanical property of not being elastic, so it breaks easily. It also has a chemical property, so it decomposes slowly in nature. For this reason, archaeological finds of glass objects are common, but they are rarely preserved in their original form. That is why we often find only fragments of glass objects. We have fragments of glass rings, glass bracelets, glass bottles, but also colored window panes, glasses, plates and other useful objects and jewelry. At that time, porcelain did not exist, so dishes were mainly made of baked clay, but there was also the more expensive glass one.
ARYBALLOS (REPLICA)
PERIOD: 100. - 200.
CIVILIZATION: ROMAN EMPIRE (27 BC - 476 AD)
Aribali / aryballoi,
- stomach bottles with two ears
- containers for storing various body care products
- an important part of the cosmetic accessories of the Greeks, Romans, Gauls...
- they were worn when bathing, on the arm, hung with bronze chains
Judging by the large number of finds of relief-ornamented jugs, as well as amphorae and aryballos, it is evident that the inhabitants of ancient Liburnia already in the first decades of the 1st century AD had strong trade relations with the Orient, but also a clientele that could afford to buy such expensive glass products and their contents. Considering that these are more common, but still rare products from Syrian-Palestinian glass workshops in the Roman Empire, their enviable presence in the area of southern Liburnia confirms the economic power, high standard and aesthetic taste of the population.
LACRIMARIO (REPLICA)
PERIOD: 100. - 200.
CIVILIZATION: ROMAN EMPIRE (27 BC - 476 AD)
Lacrimarius (lacrima Latin = tear) is a glass, ceramic, metal or alabaster bottle with a wide body, long neck and widened throat. It is identical to a balsamarium but its use is different.
It is used to store milked tears / Tears fall into the Lacrimarium, forming waves in concentric circles / And only the old lacrimarium is missing, so that the wind does not carry away the tears of love / In the lacrimarium, former loves drown
Humans are the only living beings that can show their feelings by crying. Women, as well as men, shed the most tears out of sadness (50%). Tears are also caused by happiness (21%), emotion, anger, worry and physical pain. One tear weighs only 15 milligrams, and there are approximately 66,000 of them in a liter. Women still stand alone at the top when it comes to crying. Men, however, are catching up with them by leaps and bounds. Statistically, they are most moved by hymns, the sounds of the violin or sports victories.
It was not without reason that the ancient Greeks spoke of crying as catharsis (purification). Anyone who can vent their worries through tears knows their liberating effect. Sadness and tension flow from the body. The more the pressure on the tear glands is reduced, the better a person feels.
BALSAMARIUS (REPLICA)
PERIOD: 100. - 200.
CIVILIZATION: ROMAN EMPIRE (27 BC - 476 AD)
Balsamarium is a glass, ceramic, metal or alabaster bottle with a wide body, long neck and widened throat. It is identical to a lacrimaria but with a different method of use.
It is primarily used for storing balsams used in funeral rites. Balsams were applied to the bodies of the deceased before burial to slow down decay and cover unpleasant odors. It was used in Sumer, Babylon, Assyria, ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, Carthage and ancient Rome, but it also appears in early Christian tombs.
It is used secondarily for storing fragrant mixtures, plant resins and essential oils in medicine and cosmetics.
WEIGHTS FOR FISHING NET (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 100. - 200.
CIVILIZATION: ROMAN EMPIRE (27 BC - 476 AD)
Fishing is one of the youngest forms of obtaining food in human history. First, there was the gathering of plant fruits, then the catching of small animals, the gathering of eggs, shells, snails, crabs. After that, hunting, animal husbandry, agriculture developed and only finally fishing.
In the beginning, fishing was carried out from the shore, with various spears, spears, and hooks. Fishing with nets is the latest in this development. The nets were circular in shape, with an area of about 10m2. They had weights sewn onto the edges that sank faster than the net and thus caught fish. The weights were originally made of stone, and later made of baked clay, as in our case. The size and number of weights were adjusted to the size of the net. These weights were found on the Kremenjača cape in Zaton near Nin, at the site of an ancient port.
CARPENTER'S TOOL (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 900 - 1000
CIVILIZATION: CROATIAN KINGDOM (925 - 1918)
TESLA is a carpenter's tool for repairing ships and boats. It was used to remove the rotten part of the wood. After that, a replacement wooden insert was inserted into that space and sealed with resin - PAKLIN. In addition to shipbuilding, it was also used in construction, most often in the manufacture of roofing, doors and windows. Our tesla was found in Privlaka in a sandy garden at a depth of about 40 cm. It was used by Croatian craftsmen - carpenters, shipbuilders in the Croatian Kingdom, which was part of the Western Roman Empire, under the Byzantine protectorate and the Meltan occupation. Our tesla is smaller in size, held in one hand and used for precise carving, or medium-precision processing of wood. On the other hand, the tesla is an axe, also smaller in size. It was also used for processing wooden material for medium-precision work. According to the width, length and inclination of the blade, it is evident that it was used with one hand and that no great force was used in its use.
KNIFES (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 1200 - 1500
CIVILIZATION: CROATIAN-HUNGARY KINGDOM (1102 - 1918) (1102 - 1918)
The knife has always been a basic tool and weapon in human civilization. We cannot precisely date this invention, but we can assume that it dates back to the late Middle Ages. The knife is single-edged, has one blade, which means that it was not a dagger but was used for cutting. The shape of the blade is classic and practical, cutting. The upper part of the blade is widened and blunt. The tip and blade are ground and sharpened. Because of this, the back of the knife is better preserved than the cutting surface. There is still an original stop between the blade and the handle. The blade has been ground multiple times and therefore has lost its original shape. Additional loss of material is caused by corrosion over the centuries. The handle was obviously made of organic material, probably wood. It has rotted and therefore we cannot precisely reconstruct it.
From all this, we can conclude that this is not a weapon, but a tool that was used daily and for many years in the household.
BIDENT (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 1400 - 1700
CIVILIZATION: CROATIAN-HUNGARY KINGDOM (1102 - 1918)
THE BIDENT is a weapon, primarily a hunting weapon. It was less often used as a military weapon. Due to its size, weight and the distance between the forks, our bicuspid is classified as a bicuspid for a heavier spear that was used in hunting large game - roe deer, deer and boar. It wasn't thrown, but it was poked from close range. Given that it is a distinctly hunting weapon found in the present and former urban zone, it is possible to assume that it was not used as a hunting weapon, but rather as a military weapon. It is possible that it was used in the Battle of Sisak when the Turks suffered their first defeat and when Hasan Paša Predojević retreated to Bosanski Pašaluk. In mythology, it symbolizes the unification of life and death, earth and underworld. It is in the form of two-toothed pitchforks, i.e. scorpion or crab pincers. It is the main weapon of God Hades.
BYZANTINE COINS (11th and 12th centuries) ORIGINAL
1) In 293, Emperor Diocletian introduced the TETRARHY (rule of four), administratively dividing the Roman Empire into four parts for easier defense and administration. The emperors (Augusti) and their assistants (caesars) ruled from four centers: Nicomedia (Izmir-Turkey), Mediolanum (Milan-Italy), Antioch (Turkey), and Trier (Germany with Luxembourg). This ended the crisis of the 3rd century, and the reform consolidated imperial power.
2) A hundred years later, in 395 after the death of Theodosius I, the Roman Empire was officially divided into two parts, the EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE and the WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE.
3) The Western Roman Empire fell apart 80 years later (in 476) with the invasion of the Germans under the leadership of Odoacer.
4) Byzantium existed for another 1000 years until the Thracian invasion in 1453. Byzantium was ruled by emperors - despots with unlimited rights. They wore various imperial attributes, each of which had its own special meaning:
IMPERIAL ATTRIBUTES
PENDILIES Gold pendants on the crown decorated with jewels
DIVITISION Imperial tunic. It was decorated with gold and jewels. It symbolized imperial power and authority.
SAIGUM Imperial cloak. It was worn over the tunic.
LOROS A long, richly decorated belt (ribbon), worn around the body. It symbolized the spiritual and secular power of the emperor.
SCEPTRUM Royal scepter
AKAKIA (ἀκακία) A cylindrical, silken, purple cloth that the Byzantine emperor held in his right hand during ceremonies. It was made of silk and filled with earth or sand. The emperor was reminded of his own mortality and modesty despite his great power.
ASPRON TRACHY SCYPHATE
is a numismatic term referring to Byzantine money:
ASPRON (ἄσπρον) literally means "white". In numismatics, it denotes money made of silver or a light metal. It was often not pure silver, but an alloy (silver + copper)
TRACHY (τραχύ) means "rough" / "coarse". It refers to: an uneven surface and poorer quality of minting. The term is used for money of the 12th–13th centuries
SCYPHATE is a Latinized term from the Greek (σκύφος) skyphos = bowl / cup. It denotes the concave (bowl-like) shape of the money. Such a shape is typical of Byzantine coins of that period.
I) Nikephoros III. Botaneiates (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Byzantium - Eastern Roman Empire
RULER: Nikephoros III Botaniat (✴️1002. / 👑 1078. – 1081. ✝️1081.)
ISSUING PERIOD: 1078. – 1081.
DENOMINATION: 1
COIN: Bilon aspron trachy (scyphate) - concave coin of poor alloy
MINT: Constantinople
METAL: silver-plated bronze
OBVERSE: Bust of Christ facing forward. Above his head is a "nimbus cruciger" halo with an inscribed cross. Around his neck is a "pallium", a four-finger wide ribbon of white lamb's wool. Six black crosses are sewn into it. He is draped in a "colobium" (lat. colobium) a long, bell-shaped, sleeveless tunic.
LEGEND: IC-XC
(Ἰησοῦς Χριστός) (JESUS CHRIST)
REVERSE: Bust of Nikephoros III (Botaniates) facing, wearing crown with pendilia and loros, cruciform scepter in right hand, globus cruciger with spherical cross in left hand
LEGEND: † NIKEΦOP ΔЄCΠOT
(Νικηφόρος δεσπότης) (NIKEPHOR DESPOT)
II) Isaac II Angelus (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Byzantium - Eastern Roman Empire
RULER: Isaac II. Angel (✴️1135. Constantinople / 👑 1185. – 1195. and 1203. – 1204. ✝️1204. Constantinople)
ISSUING PERIOD: 1185. - 1195.
DENOMINATION: 1
COIN: Bilon aspron trachy (scyphate) - concave coin of poor alloy
MINT: Constantinople
METAL: silver-plated bronze
OBVERSE: THE VIRGIN MARY (Virgin Mary) with a veil over her face, facing forward, seated on a throne. She holds a bust of Jesus Christ in front of her;
LEGEND: MP ΘV
(Μήτηρ Θεοῦ) (Greek alphabet)
(M/R THETA/U) (Mater Theou)
(Mother of God)
REVERSE: ISAAC II ANGELUS, standing upright facing forward, wearing a crown with PENDILIA on his head. In his right hand he carries a DIVITISION and SAIGUM decorated with a star, and holds a cross-headed LOROS. In his left hand he holds a Scepter with a cross on top and AKAKIU. He is blessed by the hand of God placed in the upper right field.
LEGEND:
ICA AKI OC (Cyrillic)
∆EΣ ΠOT O Σ (Greek alphabet)
(ISAKIOS DESPOTOS)
VENETIAN COINS (ORIGINAL)
PERIOD: 1600 - 1900
CIVILIZATION: VENICE
The Duchy of Venice, headed by a Doge, was founded in 697. Then a trading metropolis was born, which ruled the Adriatic and later the Mediterranean Sea. In the 15th century, Venice, with more than 200,000 inhabitants, was the center of world trade and the largest port city in the world. At that time, it reached its peak. The fall of Venice began in 1453 when the Turks conquered Constantinople, and the Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India had a devastating effect. Trade relations were deserted, power and wealth disappeared, and Venice increasingly turned into a dying city. During the 18th century, Venice became the most elegant and beautiful city in Europe, which significantly influenced art, architecture and literature. Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Venice in 1797 at the beginning of his reign. In 1814, it became the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. From 1848-1849. In 1866, after the Third Italian War of Independence, Venice, along with the province of Veneto, became part of the new Kingdom of Italy.
I) 2½ Solda (ORIGINAL)
PUBLISHER: Republic of Venice-Crete
PUBLICATION PERIOD: 1611 – 1615.
DENOMINATION: 2 ½
COIN: Soldi
OBVERSE: Lion of Saint Marc facing upwards between 2 roses
LEGEND: T ° 10
T = TESORO PUBBLICO - indicates that the coin was minted for the account of the state treasure
10 represents the internal designation of the series
REVERSE: Decorated border within which is the legend
LEGEND: SOL DINI *2 ½*
II) 2 solda (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Republic of Venice
ISSUANCE PERIOD: 1691 – 1709
DENOMINATION: 2
COIN: soldi
OBVERSE: Text designating the two Venetian provinces of Dalmatia and Albania
LEGEND: * DALMA°/ E ° T / ALBAN° *
(DALMATIA / EXTRA TERRITORIA / ALBANIA)
“Province of Dalmatia, Albania”
REVERSE: Winged lion of Saint Mark holding an unrolled scroll of paper in its claws.
LEGEND: SAN*MARC*VEN* *II*
(SAN MARCO DI VENEZIA 2) (Saint Mark of Venice 2 soldi)
“E ° T” was misread as “ET” or as the conjunction “i” between Dalmatia and Albania. The true meaning was lost over the centuries, and was rediscovered by Krešimir Javorović, your host!
"E" stands for "Extra", and "T" stands for "Territoria".
Venice legally distinguished the territories of Stato da Mar (Dalmatia, Albania) from Stato da Terra (Venetian hinterland). The spaced letters indicate that the money was exclusively for the "external territories" (E.T.) and could not be used in the city of Venice itself, which was a common measure against the devaluation of the mother currency.
Extra Territoria (E.T.) as a protective mechanism fits perfectly into Venetian economic strategy. Venice was a pioneer in the system of a dual currency regime (domestic vs. colonial / provincial money).
Here is why this interpretation is numismatically "harder" than the standard explanation:
1) Prohibition of return to the metropolis: The Venetian Republic expressly prohibited the return of copper coins minted for Dalmatia and the Levant to Venice. The reason was simple: the nominal value of this money was significantly higher than the real value of the copper. If these coins had flooded Venice, they would have collapsed its monetary system.
2) Status mark: The spaced letters E . T could have served as a visual "code" for customs officers. If a merchant tried to enter Venice with a bag of money marked E . T, it would have been immediately clear that the money was valid only "outside the territory" (Extra Territoria).
3) Legal distinction: The dot between the letters ensures that the inscription is not read as a conjunction, but as an abbreviation of a legal provision. At the time, legal documents often used punctuation to separate the initials of institutions.
This also explains why the inscription is so prominent on the reverse - it was not just information about the origin, but a license for use limited to the province.
III) 10 cents (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Kingdom of Italy
RULER: Vittorio Emanuele II (✴️1820. 👑 1849 ✝️1878.)
PERIOD OF ISSUE: 1862.-1867
DENOMINATION: 10
COIN: cents
OBVERSE: Left profile of King Emmanuel II depicted in the classical ancient-Roman portrait style. Around the head legend and border
LEGEND: VITTORIO EMANUELE II RE D'ITALIA
"VITTORIO EMANUELE II REGNO D'ITALIA" (King of Italy, Vitorrio Emanuele)
REVERSE: Laurel wreath around the legend, at the top a five-pointed star (Stella d’Italia), symbolizing the unification of Italy. At the bottom is the letter M - the mint mark in Milan.
LEGEND: ⭐10 CENTESIMI 1866 M
AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN COINS (ORIGINALS)
PERIOD: 1867 - 1918
CIVILIZATION: AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE
The eastern Adriatic coast came under the Hungarian crown in 1102 after the death of the last Croatian king Petar Snačić and remained so until the end of World War I in 1918. In the meantime, it was partially occupied on several occasions by the Venetian Republic, the Kingdom of Italy and France under Napoleon. Although Starigrad itself was not under the Venetians, Venetian coins were in circulation because trade was primarily with Zadar, which was the center of Venetian administration in the eastern Adriatic. In complete contrast, although Napoleon militarily occupied the entire Croatian coast, he did not have a major economic impact except for the construction of roads. At that time, Austro-Hungarian currency was still used in that area. Thus, the means of payment were silver, copper and iron thalers, crowns, kreuzers, lire, fillers and hellers. Our collection includes Austrian and Hungarian coins from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.
I) MARIA THERESA HABSBURG / 1 TALIER (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
RULER: Maria Theresa of Habsburg (✴️1717 / 👑 1740 - 1780 / ✝️1780)
ISSUANCE PERIOD: 1780
DENOMINATION: 1
COIN: thaler
COMPOSITION: Silver
FINENESS: 0.2500
WEIGHT: 8.4900 g
DIAMETER: 32 mm
OBVERSE: Right profile of the face and chest of Maria Theresa, with her hair gathered and covered with a widow's veil (a sign of mourning after the death of Francis I), richly pleated clothing, typical of 18th-century court fashion, with a calm, serious expression, emphasizing the authority and stability of the reign.
LEGEND: M.TERESIA.D.G.R.IMP.HU.BO.REG
(MARIA TEREZA DEI GRATIA ROMANORUM IMPERATRIX HUNGARIAE BOHEMIAEQUE REGINA)
(MARY THERESA, BY THE GRACE OF GOD, EMPRESS OF THE ROMANS, QUEEN OF HUNGARY AND BOHEMIA)
REVERSE: A double-headed eagle with outstretched wings - a symbol of power over the East and the West. Above both heads is the imperial crown, a sign of supreme, indivisible power. The two heads symbolize spiritual and secular power. On her chest is a shield with the Habsburg coat of arms. In its claws it holds a sword (power and determination) and a scepter (legitimacy, law and tradition.
LEGEND: ARCHID.AVST.DUX BURG.CO.TYR.1780.X
(ARCHI-DUX AUSTRIAE, DUX BURGUNDIAE, CONTES TYROLIS 1780 X)
(ARCHDUCHESS OF AUSTRIA, COURT OF BURGUNDY, COUNTESS OF TYROL, 1780 – posthumous edition, the year of Maria Theresa's death)
LEGEND AT THE BOTTOM: S . F.
(Designers' initials: Tobias Schoebl and Joseph Faby)
LEGEND ON THE RIM: IUSTITIA ET CLEMENTIA
(JUSTICE AND MERCY)
II) Francis II. HABSBURG / 1 TALIR (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: The Netherlands and Belgium (Austro-Hungarian Province)
RULER: Francis II. Habsburg (✴️1768. 👑last emperor of the Roman Empire until 1806 ✝️1835.)
ISSUING PERIOD: 1792-1801
DENOMINATION: 1
COIN: thaler
COMPOSITION: 87.3% Silver
FINENESS: 0.2500
WEIGHT: 29.44 g
DIAMETER: 39 mm
OBVERSE: Right profile of Emperor Francis II crowned with a laurel wreath (symbol of victory, legitimacy and continuity of Roman tradition)
LEGEND: FRANC II D G R I S A GER HIE HVN BOH REX
(FRANCISCUS II, DEI GRATIA, IMPERATOR ROMANI SACRI, SEMPER AUGUSTUS, GERMANIAE, HIEROSOLYMITANI, HUNGARIAE ET BOHEMIAE, REX)
(FRANCIS II. BY THE GRACE OF GOD, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR, FOREVER AUGUSTUS OF GERMANY, JERUSALEM, HUNGARY AND BOHEMIA, KING)
LEGEND BELOW: F (Mint: Hall, Tyrol, Austria)
REVERSE: A cross composed of four crossed imperial sceptres with an orb and a cross on top. Between the arms of the cross are four different crowns, each clearly shaped:
Imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire
Hungarian crown (St. Stephen's crown)
Czech Crown (St. Vaclav)
Austrian Archduke's Crown
LEGEND: ARCH·AVST·DVX·BVRG·LOTH·BRAB·COM·FLAN·1796
(ARCHIDUX AUSTRIAE, DUX BURGUNDIAE, LOTHARINGIAE, BRABANTIAE, COMES FLANDRIAE)
(ARCHDUKE OF AUSTRIA, DUKE OF BURGUNDY, LORRAINE, BRABANT, COUNT OF FLANDERS)
LEGEND ON THE EDGE: LEGE ET FIDE
(LAW AND RELIABILITY)
III) Francis II. HABSBURG / 6 KREUTZERS (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Austrian Empire
RULER: Francis II of Habsburg (✴️1768. 👑last emperor of the Holy Roman Empire until 1806 ✝️1835.)
ISSUING PERIOD: 1800 -1803
DENOMINATION: 6
COIN: Kreutzer
MINT: Kremnica, Slovakia 1328 - present
WEIGHT: 13.20 g
DIAMETER: 33 mm
THICKNESS: 1.82 mm
OBVERSE: Right profile of Emperor Francis II depicted in classical ancient-Roman portrait style. On the head is a livor wreath.
LEGEND: FRANZ·II·RÖM·KAI·KÖN·Z·HU·U·BÖ· ERZH·Z·OEST· B
(Franz II Romern Kaiser König zu Hungarn und Böhmen Erzhog zu Österreich B) "Franz II., Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduke of Austria B"
REVERSE: Symbol of the Habsburg Monarchy: A double-headed eagle with spread wings. Above both heads is a crown, a sign of supreme, indivisible power. The two heads symbolize spiritual and secular power. On his chest is the imperial shield. In the shield is the number 6. In his claws he holds a sword (power and determination) and a scepter (legitimacy, law and tradition)
LEGEND: SECHS·KREUTZER·ERBLAENDISCH·1800
(Six Kreutzers are valid in all Habsburg hereditary lands)
IV) FRANCIS II HABSBURG / 7 KREUTERS (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Austria-Hungary
RULER: Francis II. Habsburg (✴️1768. 👑last emperor of the Roman Empire until 1806 ✝️1835.)
ISSUANCE PERIOD: 1797. - 1805.
DENOMINATION: 7
COIN: Kreuzer
MINT: Vienna
COMPOSITION: Silver
WEIGHT: 4.68 g
DIAMETER: 26 mm
THICKNESS: 1.82 mm
OBVERSE: In the center of a square frame is a large number 7. Outside the square are decorative scrolls. Below the number are two olive branches with leaves.
The branch is a symbol of peace, stability and prosperity of the state.
LEGEND: 7 1802 A
7 is the nominal value.
1802 is the year the coin was minted.
A is the mint mark - Vienna
REVERSE: Symbol of the Habsburg Monarchy: Double-headed eagle with spread wings. Above both heads is a crown, a sign of supreme, indivisible authority. The two heads symbolize spiritual and worldly authority. He has an imperial shield on his chest. He holds a sword (power and determination) and a scepter (legitimacy, law and tradition) in his claws.
LEGEND: FRANC.II.D.G.R.I.S.A.GE.HV.BO.REX.A.A
(FRANCISCUS II DEI GRATIA ROMANORUM IMPERATOR SEMPER AUGUSTUS GERMANIAE HUNGARIAE BOHEMIAE REX ARCHIDUX AUSTRIAE)
(FRANCIS II., BY THE GRACE OF GOD ROMAN EMPEROR, ALWAYS EXCELLENT, KING OF GERMANY, HUNGARY AND BOHEMIA, ARCHDUKE OF AUSTRIA)
VII = 7
V) Francis II. HABSBURG / 1½ LIRA (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Republic of Venice (Austro-Hungarian Province)
RULER: Francis II. Habsburg (✴️1768. 👑last emperor of the Roman Empire until 1806 ✝️1835.)
ISSUING PERIOD: 1797.-1805.
DENOMINATION: 1½
COIN: lira
COMPOSITION: Silver
FINENESS: 0.2500
WEIGHT: 8.4900 g
DIAMETER: 32 mm
OBVERSE: Symbol of the Habsburg Monarchy: A double-headed eagle with spread wings. Above both heads is a crown, a sign of supreme, indivisible power. The two heads symbolize spiritual and secular power. On his chest is the imperial shield. In his claws he holds a sword (power and determination) and a scepter (legitimacy, law and tradition)
LEGEND: FRANCIS II. D. G. R. I. S. A. GE. HV. BO. REX. A. A. D. VENET.
(Franciscus II, Dei Gratia, Imperator Romanus aeternus, Rex Germanorum, Hungarorum et Bohemorum, Archidux Austriae, Dux Venetorum)
(Francis II, by the grace of God, Eternal Roman Emperor, King of the Germans, Hungarians and Bohemians, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Venice.)
REVERSE: Decorated border around the legend.
LEGEND: *1 ½ * LIRA VENETA 1802 A
A is the designation of the main mint in Venice. Value 1 ½ = 30 soldi.
VI) FRANCIS II. HABSBURG / 2 LIRES (ORIGINAL)
ISSUER: Republic of Venice (Austro-Hungarian Province)
RULER: Francis II. Habsburg (✴️1768. 👑last emperor of the Roman Empire until 1806 ✝️1835.)
ISSUANCE PERIOD: 1801. - 1805.
DENOMINATION: 2
COIN: lira
COMPOSITION: Silver
FINENESS: 0.2500
WEIGHT: 8.4900 g
DIAMETER: 32 mm
OBVERSE: Symbol of the Habsburg Monarchy: A double-headed eagle with spread wings. Above both heads is a crown, a sign of supreme, indivisible power. The two heads symbolize spiritual and secular power. On his chest is the imperial shield. In his claws he holds a sword (power and determination) and a scepter (legitimacy, law and tradition)
LEGEND: IMP. VENETA MONETA PROVINCIALE F°II. (IMPERIALE VENETA MONETA PROVINCIALE FRANCISCO II.) "Imperial coin of the province of Venice"
REVERSE: laurel wreath around the legend
LEGEND: DUE LIRE VENETA 1801
(2 lira = 40 soldas)